The Crystal Encyclopedia:
Stones & Meanings.

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African bloodstone is a trade name used for dark green chalcedony or jasper-like material with red or rust-coloured markings.

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African turquoise is a jewellery trade name, usually applied to patterned jasper or another opaque green-and-brown stone.

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Amazonite is the green to blue-green variety of microcline feldspar.

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Amethyst is the purple variety of quartz.

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Ametrine is a naturally bicoloured quartz showing both amethyst purple and citrine yellow in one crystal.

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Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals found in blue, green, yellow and other colours.

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Aquamarine is the blue to blue-green variety of beryl, the same mineral family as emerald.

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Australian agate is banded chalcedony from Australian material or sold under an Australian locality description.

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Aventurine is quartz containing reflective mineral inclusions that create aventurescence, a soft glitter visible as the stone moves in the light.

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Banded agate is chalcedony in which layers of silica create visible stripes, arcs or concentric patterns.

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Brazil red agate is red-toned agate, a quartz-rich chalcedony commonly sourced or marketed from Brazil.

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Bloodstone, also called heliotrope, is a dark green chalcedony with red jasper or iron-oxide inclusions.

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Blue spot jasper is a commercial name for opaque, patterned jasper-like material.

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Blue tiger eye is the blue-grey stage of chatoyant quartz commonly called hawk’s eye.

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Carnelian is orange to red chalcedony, with colour commonly associated with iron.

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“Cat’s eye stone” is not a complete mineral identification.

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Cherry blossom jasper, also sold as sakura jasper, is a patterned trade material rather than a universally standard mineral name.

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Clear quartz is colourless quartz, the mineral species that also includes amethyst and citrine.

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Cream river stone is a descriptive trade name for pale, rounded material with a river-worn appearance.

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Chrysocolla is a hydrated copper-bearing mineral, often found with quartz, malachite and other copper minerals.

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Dalmatian jasper is a jewellery trade name for a pale spotted rock, often sold as jasper even though commercial specimens can have a more complex igneous composition..

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Dendritic agate is chalcedony containing branching inclusions, often manganese or iron oxides, that resemble leaves, moss or miniature landscapes.

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Howlite is a soft white borate mineral with grey veining.

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Emerald is the green variety of beryl, coloured mainly by chromium and/or vanadium.

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Fluorite is calcium fluoride and occurs in striking purple, green, yellow, blue and banded colours.

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Flower amazonite is a trade description for amazonite or amazonite-like material with a floral, orbicular or patterned finish.

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Fossil stone is a broad trade name for stone containing visible fossil fragments or fossil-like texture.

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Fossil coral is ancient coral whose original structure has been mineralised or replaced over geological time, often by silica or carbonate minerals.

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Garnet is a group of related silicate minerals rather than one single species.

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Golden tiger eye is chatoyant quartz formed when fibrous material is replaced by silica while preserving the aligned structure.

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Hematite is iron oxide, not a silicate.

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Howlite is a white to grey borate mineral with a porous texture and characteristic grey web-like veins.

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Hawk’s eye is the blue-grey form of chatoyant quartz, closely related to golden tiger eye.

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Indian agate is a locality-style trade name for patterned chalcedony and agate sold from Indian material or supply chains.

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Kabamba jasper is a commercial name for dark green orbicular jasper-like material, often showing black or deep green circular markings.

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Kiwi sesame jasper is a patterned opaque trade material with a pale green, cream and darker speckled appearance.

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Kyanite is an aluminium silicate whose hardness changes with direction in the crystal.

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Labradorite is a feldspar known for labradorescence, the blue, green, gold or multicoloured flash produced by light interference within layered feldspar..

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Lapis lazuli is a blue rock made mainly of lazurite with calcite, pyrite and other minerals.

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Larvikite is a Norwegian igneous rock, a variety of monzonite, recognised for its blue-grey feldspar crystals and silvery or blue flash..

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Lava rock is porous volcanic rock, commonly basaltic, formed when molten lava cools.

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Lemon jade is a commercial colour name, not proof that a bead is jadeite or nephrite.

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Lepidolite is a lithium-rich mica, usually pink, lilac or grey-purple.

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Malachite is a green copper carbonate mineral, recognised by concentric bands and swirls from pale green to deep green.

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Magnesite is magnesium carbonate, commonly white, cream or grey with a chalky to vitreous appearance.

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Mahogany obsidian is volcanic glass with reddish-brown iron-rich patches in a black or dark brown body.

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Mookaite is a colourful Australian jasper or chert trade material associated with the Kennedy Ranges of Western Australia.

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Morganite is the pink to peach variety of beryl, coloured by manganese.

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Map stone is a descriptive trade name for patterned material whose lines or patches resemble a map.

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Mustard jasper is a colour-based trade name for yellow, ochre or brown jasper-like material.

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Obsidian is natural volcanic glass formed when silica-rich lava cools too quickly for large crystals to grow.

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Opalite is a man-made glass or glass-like decorative material, not natural opal.

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Orange calcite is calcium carbonate coloured by impurities.

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Peace jade is a commercial name rather than a mineral identification.

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Peach moonstone is a feldspar material with a peach, cream or apricot body colour.

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Peridot is the gem variety of olivine and is usually yellowish green to greenish yellow.

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Petrified wood forms when buried wood is gradually replaced by minerals, commonly silica, while preserving cellular structure.

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Pink aventurine is a commercial colour name for quartz-rich or feldspar-rich material with a pink body and, sometimes, reflective inclusions.

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Pink opal is common opal, a hydrated silica material without the play-of-colour associated with precious opal.

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Plum blossom jade is a patterned trade name, not a mineral species.

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Prehnite is a pale green to yellow-green calcium aluminium silicate, often forming botryoidal or grape-like masses.

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Purple aventurine is a commercial colour name for purple quartz-rich or feldspar-rich material.

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Pyrite is iron disulfide, commonly called fool’s gold because its metallic yellow colour can resemble gold.

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Rainbow moonstone is a jewellery trade name usually applied to white labradorite that shows blue or multicoloured labradorescence.

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Red jasper is an opaque, iron-coloured variety of quartz-rich jasper.

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Red Picasso jasper is a trade name for patterned jasper-like material with red, cream, grey or black lines.

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Red vein jasper is a colour-and-pattern trade name for opaque red or rust jasper-like material crossed by darker veins.

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Rhodonite is a manganese silicate, usually pink to rose-red with black manganese-oxide veining.

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Rhodochrosite is manganese carbonate, recognised by pink to red colour and, in banded material, alternating pale and darker layers.

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Rose quartz is the pink variety of quartz, with colour linked to microscopic inclusions and trace elements.

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Ruby in zoisite, also called anyolite, is a natural rock containing green zoisite, black hornblende and red ruby or corundum areas.

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Silk stone is a descriptive trade name for material with a fibrous, satin or silky visual effect.

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Sesame jasper is a patterned jasper trade name for pale material with darker seed-like flecks.

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Selenite is the transparent or translucent variety of gypsum, a hydrated calcium sulphate.

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Sodalite is a blue feldspathoid mineral, often occurring with white calcite veining.

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Taiwan jade is a trade or locality name and does not by itself prove jadeite or nephrite.

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Tiger eye is chatoyant quartz formed from fibrous material that has been replaced by silica.

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Tiger skin glass is a manufactured decorative material, not natural tiger eye.

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Topaz is a crystalline aluminium silicate that occurs in colourless, yellow, blue, pink and other colours.

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Tourmaline is a large mineral group with one of the widest colour ranges in gemology.

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Turquoise is a hydrated copper aluminium phosphate, usually blue to green with a waxy lustre.

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Unakite is an altered granite made mainly of green epidote, pink feldspar and quartz.

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White jade is a commercial name that may refer to white nephrite, jadeite, serpentine, quartzite or another pale decorative stone.

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Wood lace stone is a descriptive trade name for patterned material with lace-like lines or wood-grain markings.

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Yellow aventurine is a commercial colour name for yellow quartz-rich or feldspar-rich material, sometimes with a fine reflective shimmer.

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Zebra pink jasper is a patterned trade material with pink, cream, grey or black striping.